QUADCORE COMPUTER TRAINING INSTITUTE AND GENERAL ENTERPRISE

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Nutrition and Genetics

The chapter discusses the historical changes in productivity of growing farm animals and presents some examples of interactive effects between animal type and nutritional regime on animal productivity. Animal growth is then described in the aspects of nutrient partitioning, which will allow for understanding of the varying responses to nutrient intake in different animal types. Potential implications of introducing novel traits into farm animals via modification of the animal's genome on nutrient utilization are discussed. Via genetic selection, substantial improvements have been made in growth potential and carcass characteristics of farm animals. Interactions between animal genotype and nutritional regime may be better understood when animal types are characterized in aspects of nutrient partitioning. The main aspects of nutrient partitioning for growth are (1) maintenance energy and nutrient needs, (2) whole-body nutrient retention, (3) nutrient retention support costs, and (4) voluntary feed intake. In terms of nutrient retention, special consideration should be given to whole body protein deposition and the partitioning of retained energy between whole-body protein and whole-body lipid. Quantification of the main aspects of nutrient partitioning is extremely useful for estimation of nutrient requirements, for assessing the economic impact of altering feeding strategies in commercial animal production, and for the development of effective animal breeding strategies.

The Director of Studies, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI), Dr Olufemi Oladunni, has urged government at all levels to improve the quality and quantity of its data on agriculture and rural areas if it is to continue meeting the demands of a growing population.
Oladunni, while speaking with newsmen stated that the data was vital for effective planning and strategy, noting that the accuracy and quality of agricultural statistics, has become a key priority as the government strives to develop more effective policies to tackle its food security problems.
While the  National Bureau of Statistics( NBS) is taking  steps to improve  on the situation, Oladunni said the  agricultural sector needs an industry  specific data that  is  timely, accurate, and reliable that  can be used by decision makers to develop policies, programs and investments that improve people’s lives.
According to him, reliable statistics are vital in tracking country needs and achievements and that accurate government expenditure data are needed to track the country’s commitments and expenditures on agriculture.
He said the relevant authorities must find better ways to collate agricultural data  as  attempts  to use figures to better predict the future of farming failed because the available statistics were either unreliable or not detailed enough to be useful.
Oladunni, while ensuring that an equitable and sufficient future food supply is of critical importance, noted that the industry needs reliable statistics   to justify the claims of increasing food production.
According to him, industry statistics must reflect the pattern of structural change that the level of agricultural production and projected food demand targets.
He   emphasized the importance of connecting, national policy-makers, businesses, investors, researchers and analysts with official agricultural statistics, calling for national assessments that will generate reliable and timely food and agricultural statistics.
He    believes that the availability of accurate comparable agricultural data would enable farmers to make better production and marketing choices and in so doing, boost agricultural productivity and incomes.
Quality data, he   added would allow the country to develop more effective agricultural policies, monitor and evaluate progress.

As part of efforts to develop and promote the capacity of farmers operating in different agricultural value chain for the purpose of increasing their productivity, the International Fertilizer Development Centre (IFDC), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and N2 Africa; a Belinda and Bill Gate Foundation sponsored organization has join forces and flagged off a training programme on use of inoculants and  manual planter to plant Soybean variety called TGX 1904 – 6F which was developed and tested by IITA for tropical condition.
AgroNigeria Correspondent, Kehinde Osasona, reports that the training which held at the demonstration farm site of Malete Youth Farm Centre in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State showcased crops of Local Farmers, Women farmers and Youth farmers from the locality.
In his opening remarks, the Chief Consultant Hybrid Agro Biz Consultant, Mohammed Ubale said the three groups involved in the project came up with the inoculants technology option in order to explore and enhance fixation capacity of soybean to fix nitrogen which is always needed by the crop and soil in particular.
“Soybean enriches the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen into the soil and through this training, farmers will learn how to use inoculants on Soybean to increase their yield especially now that demand for it in the market is on the increase, coupled with the fact that its high tolerant capability cannot be underestimated” he said.
Also speaking, the logistics and training officer, HABC, Shuaib Kadir lauded the small holder farmers for their great contribution to the food needs of the populace even in the face of seasonal challenges.
“We identified that soybean farmers in Kwara State are yet to fully utilize their comparative advantage in the production of this crop and as I speak to you we have a demonstration plot in Oke Oyi and Malete as a way of stepping down the training and by the grace of God, it shall spread through the entire 16 Local Government of the State.
“Another good thing is that the new soybean variety and our monitoring officers would ensure that the 3-7 tons projected per hectare harvest is achieved as against less than 2 tons being recorded by farmers” He noted.
One of the trainers, Mumuni Onimago assured that the absence of the rainfall notwithstanding, the introduction of inoculants will help the nitrogen fixation in the soil to achieve high percentage growth rate.
He added that the organization is looking forward to structuring more farmers into cluster group so that they can all benefit from the off-taker plans they have on ground through an accredited processor.

On Friday, 7th of August 2015, President Muhammadu Buhari hosted the President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Dr. Kanayo Nwanze at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.
At the meeting, President Buhari affirmed keeping his campaign promise of expanding the country’s Agricultural sector, while stating that petroleum will no longer be sufficient for major revenue generation. “It’s time to go back to the land. We must face the reality that the petroleum we had depended on for so long will no longer suffice … We campaigned heavily on agriculture, and we are ready to assist as many as want to go into agricultural ventures,” the President said.
President Buhari admitted that there’s a lot of work to be done in developing Nigeria’s agricultural sector, hence the need to work with organizations like IFAD for advice. In response, Dr. Nwanze assured the president of IFAD’s willingness to help him achieve his goal for agriculture in the country.
As the country turns to agriculture for succour, there are a number of challenges the president ought to tackle in the development of the agricultural sector.
Funding
As with most businesses, capital or lack of investment is an issue for the average Nigerian farmer. Those interested in expanding their farms and consequently product output, have very little, or no funds at all.
President Buhari needs to make agricultural funds readily available for potential farmers, and local farmers hoping to expand their farms.
The president briefly touched on this problem when he said on Friday, “… we are ready to assist as many as want to go into agricultural ventures.”
Funding is not restricted to finance alone; farmers can be funded by government’s  provision of machineries, and hybrid seeds at subsidized rates. However, in solving funding problems, there’s the issue of corruption to be tackled.  This administration must ensure that funds are properly and directly channelled to reach targeted farmers, not embezzled by public servants.
Policies and regulations
The government needs to put in place, policies and regulations that are favourable to farmers, and will change the face of agriculture in the country. Unfavourable regulations that are in place should also be aborted; President Buhari did mention on Friday, that his government would cut short the long bureaucratic processes that Nigerian farmers had to go through to get any form of assistance from government.
An increase in the percentage of budget allocation for agriculture is necessary; one that is enough to combat the challenges in the sector. Plus a ban on the importation of some locally produced food will definitely help boost production and development in agriculture.
Infrastructure
Electricity, lack of good roads, and water management systems are major infrastructural problems that should be tackled for the improvement of the sector. Electricity is needed for the running of machines and the storage and processing of certain food crops. Farmers who could afford the practice of mechanized farming opt for manual labour as the cost of running machines with an alternative source of power is often steep.
Good roads are a catalyst to agricultural growth; they contribute directly to the amount of outputs. In Nigeria, the number of  roads needed for the transportation of crops from the farm land to the cities are limited.  Therefore, more road networks need to be created, and existing roads that are in bad shape, needs to be fixed for improved productivity of farmers.
Regarding irrigation, there’s a need to strengthen institutional arrangements for integrated water resources management. Access to irrigation and drainage services must be improved upon for the expansion of food production in Nigeria.
Agro-education
The government must solve ‘agro-illiteracy’ and develop programmes on modern agriculture for farmers. For rural farmers who barely understand English, a special programme on modern agriculture should be crafted for them in their native languages as the number of dedicated full time farmers in Nigeria are in the rural areas.
Agro education also means instilling the importance of farming in students. This can be done by actively engaging students in actual farming practices rather than running just theory courses.  However, educating farmers would be useless without necessary infrastructures put in place.
Agriculture plays a major role in Nigeria’s economy, providing a labour force of over 60 percent. Though the sector has seen improvements in past years, it is yet to be fully developed and explored. President Buhari’s administration has the opportunity to leverage on agriculture and make it the country’s new petroleum.

Nigeria’s President, Muhammadu Buhari has been urged to, in the interest of Nigeria’s economy, vigorously pursue and implement the Agricultural Transformation Agenda of the immediate past administration in order to move the country forward.
This was part of the communiqué issued at the end of the One-Day South West Town Hall Meeting convened by AgroNigeria recently in Ibadan, Oyo State capital
After an extensive deliberation, the Nigerian farmers (South-West zone), unanimously resolved that President Buhari should never politicize Agriculture, rather he should consolidate on the laudable policies of the immediate past administration especially ATA to move the sector to the next level.
They maintained that the present administration should continue to pursue and implement the ATA which had started on a very sound footing. They also recommended that all the states in the South West Nigeria should as a matter of priority, invest massively into commercial agriculture; insisting there must be urgent efforts calculated at bridging the gap in food production between the North and the South.
The forum also resolved that: “Policy formulations should adopt bottom-up and end-user-driven intervention approaches especially on fundamental issues affecting agriculture. The Farm Settlement Scheme should be resuscitated, strengthened and better positioned to address the 21st Century needs of agriculture. Attitudinal orientation should be encouraged and institutionalized by all stakeholders as this will address the negative impressions of the youth in going into agriculture. Migratory Fulani herdsmen should be integrated into the national agricultural policy to proffer lasting solution to the frequent clashes between them and other farmers.”
The meeting also resolved that youth and women in agriculture should be accorded priority attention whenever policies on financial interventions are being formulated; adding that there must be a national declaration of a state-of-emergency in agriculture that will insist on a policy that Nigeria has no reason to be food insecure.
The farmers frowned at the current huge infrastructural gaps in the rural areas and insisted same must urgently be addressed to make for a rewarding season for agricultural practitioners; adding that the communication gaps between farmers and policy implementation must be bridged. They argued that Agriculture in all its ramifications must be projected and made to be profitable and worthwhile, and emphasis should be placed on training and capacity development for agriculture
practitioners, especially women and youths.
“Agriculture-friendly financing policies must be encouraged especially among the deposit banks in Nigeria for a more widespread impact on the economy, extension services should be given urgent priority attention as the current level of extension services are inadequate nationwide. Risk management and insurance policies should be tailored towards the generality of Nigerian farmers in order to make the sector competitive and attractive to investors,” the communiqué stated.